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Do you necessarily need solid wood edging?
You can get real wood edge banding, iron on and save yourself a lot time. Very easy to install
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it depends.
vee grooved ( I use extensively) the depth of the vee + 1/4" -1/2 for profiling. This is more about how you want the edge to look than any particular set number. A lot of times I will reverse the vee make the wood cut the female cut to gain more working surface for profiling
If you are making the edge thicker (more than the shelf thickness) a simple rabbet and a few biscuits to line it up during gluing is good
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I use 1/2" maple plywood for my kitchen shelving. I simply glue and pin 1/4" ripped strips of maple to the edges. Once all the shelves are dry I gang clamp all the shelves to my bench on edge with spacers between and route the edging flush with both surfaces. I then sand them and use my edge sander to give each edge a quick smooth over, lifting each shelf to give them an eased edge. Its about the fastest way I know for solid wood edging.
For finishing I spray them with a water borne varnish... two coats.
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If the shelves will be behind doors I would use iron on edge banding. If the shelves are exposed and if you are going to add some kind of profile to it then of course you need a solid piece of wood glued to the edge. I just glue on a rectangular piece of the wood, no alignment means required. I make it 1/8" thicker than the shelf, glue it on as Scoony described, and then route the edges flush with the shelf, mill the profile, etc. You can make it complicated, but there's no need to.
John
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I buy turning blanks, on sale, from a couple local sources—most often Woodcraft. They are usually 2x2x12 although I do buy other sizes if the wood is particularly interesting. I resaw them to match the thickness of the shelf and as deep as needed to support the profile that I want to use. I put in 1 to 2 4mm or 5mm dominoes per piece and then glue the piece to the shelf. I find that with bookcases—particularly for large books—that pressure gets applied to the edge band when removing or inserting books. As for profile it depends on the grain of the wood and what looks good to me at the time.
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